Definition Of Astro Multiroom

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May 3, 2016 - Multi Room Audio without Pulseaudio or RTP. Quality '5.0' # do not define if bitrate is defined bitrate '128' # do not define if quality is defined.
RM50 Multiroom: You must maintain your current subscription or a minimum subscription of RM100/month to be eligible for this fee. Multiroom channels will mirror your primary Astro subscription. Multiroom channels will mirror your primary Astro subscription.

ASTRO 25 is the next generation of ASTRO digital two-way radio communications by Motorola Solutions. Motorola first introduced digital two-way radio in the U.S. in 1991 under the name ASTRO Digital Solutions.^[1]

With the completion of the APCO Project 25 standard, Motorola introduced the ASTRO 25 solution and migrated its ASTRO Digital Solutions customers to ASTRO 25. Project 25 (also known as P25) is a suite of standards for digital radio communications that is designed specifically for law enforcement, fire and medical services to communicate with each other during emergency situations.^[2]

ASTRO 25 is now the most widely used P25 mission critical voice and data communication network in the world. It is designed to provide reliable and always available communication for public safety agencies.^[3]

The Original ASTRO 25 format utilizes APCO Project 25 Phase I technology (FDMA). It is the most used format of the ASTRO 25 family of radio systems.

The ASTRO 25 Phase II system, which complies with the P25 Phase II standard, uses TDMA technology to deliver both voice and data messaging over a single wireless communications infrastructure. Because ASTRO 25 Phase II is a P25 TDMA system, it offers greater spectrum efficiency, lower equipment costs, advanced radio features and flexibility, and longer battery life.^[4] The ASTRO 25 network also ensures encryption key assignment over the system's radio channels and enhanced network security tools.^[5]

The ASTRO 25 digital radio system is claimed to provide superior audio quality and advanced features which comply with the Federal Communications Commission's narrowbanding requirements.^[6] ASTRO 25 currently operates in the 700 MHz, 800 MHz, 900 MHz, UHF and VHF bands for voice and data operation.^[5]

History[edit]

ASTRO technology originated in police cars in 1930 when Motorola began selling car radio receivers to police departments and municipalities.^[7] By 1991, ASTRO had grown to be the world's first narrowband digital radio system for public safety agencies.

The New Hampshire USA State Police were the first to test and use a conventional ASTRO Digital Solutions system. They began extended year-long testing of ASTRO portable radios, mobile radios, base stations, dispatch consoles, and a wide-area system in December 1992 for State Police Troop A, and completed a phased installation several years later.^[8] This original ASTRO system was later converted to ASTRO 25.

Today, next generation ASTRO 25 is the leading digital radio system in the world for public safety that delivers real-time interoperable communications to support day-to-day, mutual aid and task force operations.^[9]

ASTRO 25 enables federal, state, and local public safety agencies to achieve compatibility and communicate in emergency situations and widespread disasters, such as catastrophic Hurricane Katrina of August 2005,^[10] the epic Superstorm Sandy of October 2012,^[11] and the deadly Boston Marathon bombings of April 2013.^[12]

As of 2014, ASTRO 25 is used in over 60 countries and more than three dozen U.S. states, from Alaska to Virginia, have deployed Motorola's statewide digital radio networks for their mission critical communications.^[13]

Mission Critical System[edit]

ASTRO 25 is a P25 standards-based mission critical network that provides integrated voice and data network communications for emergency response and coordinated communications during and after an incident. The ASTRO 25 network, two-way radios and advanced applications work together to improve first responder safety and decision-making capabilities. These innovative technologies optimize emergency response and enhance situational awareness.^[14]

The ASTRO 25 network and radios have proved their ruggedness, reliability, interoperability and ease of use in emergency situations throughout the world – such as the deadliest bushfires in Victoria, Australia's history in 2009; Superstorm Sandy, the most destructive hurricane of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season; and the devastating wildfires in southeastern Texas in 2013.^[15]

System Components[edit]

The ASTRO 25 core is the hub for the communications network. It consists of P25 portable and mobile radios, dispatch consoles, data applications and RF conventional or trunked sites.^[16] In addition to ASTRO 25, Motorola also builds a number of other P25 radio models, including the XTS/XTL™ family of radios and the recently released series of APX™ radios, designed for high durability and high reliability for first responders.^[17] With the ASTRO 25 core, organizations can deploy Motorola MCC 7500 and MCC 7100 IP Dispatch Consoles and have secure end-to-end encryption for all the radio traffic between operators and users in the field.

In June 2013, the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department (METRO) announced it would implement an ASTRO 25 mission-critical Phase 2 700 MHz digital radio system to expand P25 TDMA interoperability throughout Clark County and Southern Nevada. In addition to the ASTRO 25 backbone, the communications system will also include Motorola APX™ mobile and portable radios, upgraded dispatch equipment and helicopter radios.^[18]

ISSI: Connecting Multiple P25 Systems[edit]

In 2008 Motorola announced the first deployment of Inter RF Subsystem Interface (ISSI) gateways between live Project 25 public safety networks.^[19] The ISSI standard is a non-proprietary interface that allows two or more P25-compliant trunked systems to be connected—even if they are from different vendors or operating in different frequency bands. It vastly extends the interoperability of radio systems without the need to fund super-large networks or install large, complex gateways.^[20]

Motorola installed an ISSI prototype in Arizona, USA to demonstrate the ability to provide interoperability among existing communications systems. It was the culmination of months of multi-agency collaboration.^[19] According to former Arizona Governor, Janet Napolitano, 'The Motorola ISSI gateway trial is an excellent example of driving innovation, which will enable our state with agency interoperability to best protect our residents and visitors.'^[19]

In 2010, Motorola tested the ISSI equipment with five other emergency communications equipment manufacturers to demonstrate the effectiveness of P25 ISSI#ISSI Interoperability Testing for Voice Operations in Trunked Systems interoperability. The tests conducted on the ASTRO 25 system with the ISSI gateway confirmed that it was an easy and effective way to connect P25 systems and implement digital connectivity for emergency communications.^[21]

TDMA: Doubling Voice Capacity for Public Safety[edit]

In 2011, Motorola deployed ASTRO 25 systems with P25 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) trunking to double the voice capacity of Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) technology for more efficient use of radio spectrum, providing users with improved system access for mission-critical communications.^[22]

But you can return later with better/optimised gear (mainyl maxed resistances would help). You get relic blueprint as reward so it is always worthy (and reward is different/repeatable at each difficulty) and blueprints are almsot always relevant.Those dungeons (there is more of this type) are best palce for farming (xp/items like blueprints and legendaries. But also very hard zones. You can outlevel them eventually but they scale very high (normal/veteran like lvl 60, eElite like lvl 80, Ultimate can nto be outleveled as its caped).

The P25 Phase 2 products were the first in the industry.^[23] By October 2013, over 30 customers had contracted for this market-leading P25 TDMA technology from Motorola.^[24] By January 2014, 74 customers had been shipped 106 zones licensed for TDMA.

With the City of Apopka, Florida, Motorola Solutions implemented the world's first deployment and acceptance of a dual mode ASTRO 25 system with P25 TDMA trunking for Apopka police, fire and emergency management personnel and public works agencies.^[24] The system gives Apopka enhanced coverage and interoperability with surrounding agencies using 700 and 800 MHz frequencies, without the need for adding frequency bands, antenna sites or stations.^[25]

Maintaining Information Assurance[edit]

Astro Official Website

ASTRO 25 solutions are designed for information assurance, with state-of-the-art features that enable organizations to enhance their security posture by preventing, detecting and responding to external and internal risks.^[26]

On January 19, 1996, Motorola was the first U.S. company to be granted FIPS 140-1 validation for its ASTRO subscriber encryption module, having been granted certificate number 2.^[27]

ASTRO 25 was the first to support federal grade security with FIPS 140-1 and CJIS compliant integrated data and comply with the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) requirements for Criminal Justice Information System (CJIS); Department of Defense Information Assurance Certification and Accreditation (DiaCAP); Defense Information Systems Agency (DiSa); Department of Defense Information Technology Security Certification and Accreditation Process (DitSCAP); Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS); Federal Information Security Mandate Act (FiSMa); National Institute of Standards and Technology (NiSt) and NiSt-FIPS800 to identify security risks and vulnerabilities required by most Federal Agencies for themselves and their subcontractors.^[26]^[28]

In 2011, Motorola expanded its wireless broadband portfolio to government and military markets with FIPS 140-2 Validation IPS 140-2. This enabled DOD and civilian government agencies to deploy secure wireless broadband networks by providing testing validation to help ensure the product successfully meets requirements for data encryption, role-based administrator access and physical security against tampering.^[29]

References[edit]

^Motorola Solutions
^Project 25Archived March 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
^Mission Critical Radio. McIntosh Communications, Inc. March 2010.
^'TDMA Technology: Bringing Increased Capacity and Functionality to Professional Digital Two-Way Radio'(PDF). Retrieved 26 February 2014.
^ ^a^b'Motorola releases Project-25 version of Astro'. Urgent Communications. April 1, 2004.
^'Public Safety: Statewide Radio System (SRS)'. Nebraska Information Technology Commission.
^'Motorola Solutions Inc. Celebrates Its 85th Anniversary'. September 25, 2013. Archived from the original on 2014-03-02.
^'Installation of New Hampshire Statewide Motorola Communications System Nearing Completion'. March 7, 2002.
^'LA-RICS Selects Motorola Solutions to Develop Interoperable Public Safety Radio System for the Los Angeles County Region'. August 20, 2013. Archived from the original on 2014-03-02.
^'Motorola Announces Aid to Hurricane Katrina Relief Efforts'. August 31, 2005.
^'Mission Critical Communications Designed to a Tougher Standard'(PDF). 2013.
^'Motorola Solutions key in Boston marathon hunt'. April 25, 2013.
^'Statewide Radio System Elevates Communications for Nebraska's Agencies, Big and Small'. Nebraska Sheriff's Association Journal. 2013.
^'Motorola Now Shipping APX Multi-band Mobile Radios and Expanding Award-Winning APX Portable Radio Portfolio'(PDF). December 17, 2009.^{[permanent dead link]}
^'In Magnolia, TX ASTRO® 25 Network and Radios Get a Baptism By Wildfire'(PDF). 2013. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2014-03-02.
^'ASTRO 25 Infrastructure, SR7.13'(PDF). March 2013. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2014-03-05.
^'Motorola Now Shipping APX Multi-band Two-Way Radios Offering Interoperability and Enhanced Solutions Critical to First Responders'. FireRescue1. September 15, 2009.
^'Las Vegas Inks Contract with Motorola Solutions for Long-Anticipated Interoperable Police Communications Network'. June 12, 2013. Archived from the original on 2014-03-02.
^ ^a^b^c'Industry First: State of Arizona Trials Motorola's ISSI Gateways on Project 25 Network'. December 18, 2008. Archived from the original on February 27, 2014.
^Noordhof, Dr. Jan (April 11, 2013). 'Why You Should Look into P25's ISSI and CSSI'. Urgent Communications.
^'Motorola and Five Leading Emergency Communications Equipment Manufacturers Demonstrate Project 25 ISSI Interoperability'. March 10, 2010.
^'Motorola Solutions Begins Shipping ASTRO 25 Systems with Project 25 TDMA Trunking'. August 8, 2011. Archived from the original on 2014-03-02.
^Wendelken, Sandra (August 8, 2011). 'Motorola Ships First P25 Phase 2 Equipment'. RadioSource Media Group.
^ ^a^b'Motorola Solutions Reports Second-Quarter 2012 Financial Results'. July 25, 2012. Archived from the original on 2014-03-02.
^'Apopka Doubles Radio Capacity, Gains Secure Communications with Central Florida First Responders'. June 25, 2012. Archived from the original on 2014-03-02.
^ ^a^b'Information Assurance for ASTRO® 25 Networks'(PDF). August 2011.
^'Validated FIPS 140-1 and FIPS 140-2 Cryptographic Modules 1995-1997'. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
^'ASTRO 25 Voice and Data Products'. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
^'Motorola Solutions Expands Wireless Broadband Portfolio to Government and Military Markets with FIPS 140-2 Validation'. April 12, 2011. Archived from the original on 2014-03-02.

Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astro_(Motorola)&oldid=861703948'

Ever wonder what that trapezoidal “optical” audio port is? You’ll find these on the back of computers, HDTVs, media receivers, and more, but hardly anyone uses them. That little oft-neglected port can be a real life saver, though. Let’s look at what it is and how you can take advantage of it.

What Exactly Is Optical Audio?

The vast majority of cabling you use for your media centers, personal computers, and audio/visual equipment uses electrical signals. Be it analog or digital, the signal is sent as an electrical impulse over conductive wire. Every cable, from the speaker wire on your 1970s turntable to the HDMI cable on your new HDTV, contains wires, wires, and more wires inside.

The one standout in home audio/video market is the optical audio cable. Unlike other cabling standards, the optical audio system uses fiber optic cables and laser light to transmit digital audio signals between devices. The standard was introduced way back in 1983 by Toshiba, and was originally intended for use with their fledgling Compact Disc players. (This is why you’ll sometimes hear them referred to as Toshiba-Link, or TOSLINK cables.)

You can check if your devices support TOSLINK audio cabling by looking on the back of the device for the distinct TOSLINK port. The port is typically labeled “optical audio”, “TOSLINK”, “Digital Audio Out (Optical)” or something similar, but you certainly don’t need a label to identify it. The TOSLINK port is distinct among all other ports and looks strikingly like a tiny little doggie door into the bowels of your device. Even more distinctive than shape is the fact that when the device is powered on, you can see a faint glow of red laser light around the port door. (See the photo at the top of this article.)

Although the standard is over thirty years old now, it has been refined quite a bit, and modern TOSLINK connections are as useful as ever. So why is the lonely optical cable so underutilized? While that question could be a historical inquiry unto itself, here’s the short version: when TOSLINK came out, it was overpowered for most people’s needs, and by the time the average consumer was rocking an intense home theater, the TOSLINK cable had been eclipsed by the HDMI cable. (HDMI is not only simpler, since it carries video and audio together, but it also supports newer high resolution audio formats like Dolby TrueHD and DTS HD Master Audio. TOSLINK does not.)

The Many Uses of Optical Audio (Even Today)

If HDMI has mostly replaced TOSLINK, then why should you even care? While it’s absolutely true that the TOSLINK cable has been, for video systems at least, made more or less obsolete by HDMI, that doesn’t mean the TOSLINK cable should be relegated to Museum of Obsolete Ports and Standards.

The TOSLINK system is still capable of carrying up to 7.1 channels of very high-resolution audio. For the majority of consumer setups, there will be absolutely no discernible difference between audio quality when using an HDMI cable or a TOSLINK cable.

Our goal isn’t to convince you to switch from HDMI cables to TOSLINK. If all your devices and everything is functioning just the way you want, then by all means carry on. The point of this article is to highlight how the TOSLINK standard is the unsung hero, the hail-Mary-pass if you will, of the digital audio world. Just when you think you’re out of luck, just when you think there is no way to accomplish the audio-system-wrangling required to achieve your goal, the TOSLINK cable can often save the day.

Let’s look at three common situations where it is beneficial to use TOSLINK over HDMI.

Keeping Older Audio Gear In Service

This is probably the most common and pressing reason people turn to the TOSLINK standard today. You have a wonderful and high-quality older media receiver that has every port under the sun except HDMI inputs.

You don’t have to take your premium paid-$1000-for-it-back-in-the-day receiver and put it on Craigslist for pennies on the dollar. The vast majority of HDTV sets as well as many Blu-ray players, game consoles, and other devices still have TOSLINK out ports. You can pipe the HDMI video from the source (say your cable box) into your TV, then turn right back around and pipe the optical audio out to your receiver and speaker system. Remember, TOSLINK has been on the market since 1983: there is good chance that a premium audio/video receiver manufactured anytime in the last decade or two has a TOSLINK port.

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Isolating The Audio

You can separate the audio signal from an HDMI cable but it’s a finicky business that requires decoders, adapters, and a bunch of nonsense bordering on digital black magic. If you have any reason at all to isolate the audio signal from a digital source it is almost always, without a doubt, easiest to do so via TOSLINK cables.

Let’s say, for example, you want to use your Blu-ray player as CD player, but don’t want to have to turn your TV on to listen to those CDs. If the Blu-ray player has a TOSLINK port, you can pipe out the audio through the optical port to your speakers or receiver.

Here’s another example: you have a nice set of speakers hooked up to a quality receiver, but that receiver is old enough that it has no digital connections to speak of–including no TOSLINK port. Put a $10 optical-to-analog converter between your optical audio out and your receiver, and you’re in business: you can break the audio out of its digital cage and pipe it into any analog device you want: your wireless headphones, your old receiver, your 1990s-era whole-house audio system, or any other system that only accepts analog audio.

What if you want to use a pair of analog headphones with your TV, but your spouse wants to use the speakers so they can listen at a different volume? Many television sets and receivers have a plain old headphone jack, but most of them kill the audio to the speakers when a headphone cable is plugged in. In this situation, you can use that same TOSLINK converter to send that audio to whatever you want, without the hassle of HDMI content protection standards.

Eliminating Ground Loop Hum

Ground loops are, from an electrical engineering standpoint, a fairly complex subject. Rather than dive into an arcane description of what a ground loop is (feel free to do some advanced reading on the topic if you’re curious) it’s sufficient to say that a ground loop can occur in your home when there is more than one path for electricity to take to the ground. This, in turn, can cause a “hum” to come from your speakers.

One of the most common causes of a ground loop in home media gear is poorly grounded cable TV equipment. In this situation, your power outlets and the connected media equipment are on one ground (hopefully, if your house is up to code, the main earth-ground spike outside) but the coax cable is grounded to another ground (often a water-pipe ground if there is a water pipe or spigot near where the cable enters the home).

This disparity between the placement, capacity, and total potential energy of the two different grounding locations causes, in a manner of speaking, congestion in the electrical system. At best, this ground conflict does nothing and you never even notice. Sometimes, though, it can cause humming over your speakers and even potentially damage your equipment. In a perfect world, we would all hunt down the source of the ground loop and fix it, but sometimes you’re at the mercy of your environment (good luck finding the source of the bad ground if you live in a big apartment complex).

In such cases, you can often completely eliminate annoying ground loop humming from your audio system by isolating the offending device with a TOSLINK cable. Remember, TOSLINK cables are fiber optic, and because the cables are either entirely plastic or plastic and glass, there is no electrical conductivity to transfer the ground loop noise.

Although HDMI has superseded TOSLINK as the all-in-one, higher-bandwidth solution for most consumers, the humble TOSLINK cable still has a place in the modern media center–if for no other reason than those rare moments it saves the day.

Image Credits: Hustvedt, Michael Gaida.

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