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1. Solar Still For Boats Near Me
2. Solar Systems For Boats

Tools Navigation Aids Boats & Parts. Aquamate Inflatable Solar Stills are light, compact, and very easy to use. They utilize solar radiation to distill and collect pure drinking water from sea or impure water. The still will produce 500 to.

Tip: Portable chargers still have their place, but in most boats, a permanent charger left on board solves many logistical problems. It's often watertight, spark-proof and less prone to creating stray currents. When used dockside it keeps the batteries charging while you're using them for pumps, lights or whatever. Solar Still Background Solar distillation is a tried and true technology. The first known use of stills dates back to 1551 when it was used by Arab alchemists. Other scientists and naturalists used stills over the coming centuries including Della Porta (1589), Lavoisier (1862), and Mauchot (1869).

Solar Still For Boats Near Me

A solar stilldistils water with substances dissolved in it by using the heat of the Sun to evaporate water so that it may be cooled and collected, thereby purifying it. They are used in areas where drinking water is unavailable, so that clean water is obtained from dirty water or from plants by exposing them to sunlight.

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There are many types of solar still, including large scale concentrated solar stills and condensation traps (better known as moisture traps amongst survivalists). In a solar still, impure water is contained outside the collector, where it is evaporated by sunlight shining through clear plastic or glass. The pure water vapour condenses on the cool inside surface and drips down, where it is collected and removed.

Distillation replicates the way nature makes rain. The sun's energy heats water to the point of evaporation. As the water evaporates, water vapour rises, condensing into water again as it cools and can then be collected. This process leaves behind impurities, such as salts and heavy metals, and eliminates microbiological organisms. The end result is pure distilled water.

• 3Methods
• 6Variations

History[edit]

Condensation traps have been in use since the pre-Incan peoples inhabited the Andes.

Today, a method for gathering water in moisture traps is still taught within the Argentinian Army for use by specialist units expected to conduct extended patrols of more than a week's duration in the arid border areas of the Andes.

Uses[edit]

Solar stills are used in cases where rain, piped, or well water is impractical, such as in remote homes or during power outages.^[1] In subtropical hurricane target areas that can lose power for days, solar distillation can provide an alternative source of clean water.

Methods[edit]

Several methods of trapping condensation exist:

First method[edit]

This method was first used by the peoples of the Andes. A pit is dug into the earth, at the bottom of which is placed the receptacle that will be used to catch the condensed water. Small branches are placed with one of their ends inside the receptacle and their other ends up over the edge of the pit, forming a funnel to direct the condensed water into the receptacle. A lid is then built over this funnel, using more small branches, leaves, grasses, etc. The completed trap is left overnight, and moisture can be collected from the receptacle in the morning.

This method relies on the formation of dew or frost on the receptacle, funnel, and lid. Forming dew collects on and runs down the outside of the funnel and into the receptacle. This water would typically evaporate with the morning sun and thus vanish, but the lid traps the evaporating water and raises the humidity within the trap, reducing the amount of water that is lost. The shade produced by the lid also reduces the temperature within the trap, which further reduces the rate of water loss to evaporation.

Modern method[edit]

Today, with the advent of plastic sheeting, the moisture trap has become more efficient.

The method is very similar to that described above, but a single sheet of plastic is used instead of branches and leaves. The greater efficiency of this type of trap arises from the waterproof nature of the plastic, which doesn't let any water vapour pass through it (some water vapour escapes through the leaves and branches of the first method). This efficiency requires a certain amount of diligence of the part of the user, in that the plastic sheet must be firmly attached to the ground on all sides; this is often accomplished by using stones to weight the sheet down and/or covering the edges of the plastic sheet with earth (such as that dug out to make the hole in which the trap sits). Weighting the centre of the plastic sheet down with a stone forms the funnel via which the condensed water will run into the receptacle.

Transpiration method[edit]

Water can be obtained by placing clear plastic bags over the leafy branch of a non-poisonous tree and tightly closing the bag's open end around the branch.^[2] Any holes in the bag must be sealed to prevent the loss of water vapour.

During photosynthesis plants lose water through a process called transpiration. A clear plastic bag sealed around a branch allows photosynthesis to continue, but traps the evaporating water causing the vapour pressure of water to rise to a point where it begins to condense on the surface of the plastic bag. Gravity then causes the water to run to the lowest part of the bag. Water is collected by tapping the bag and then resealing it. The leaves will continue to produce water as the roots draw it from the ground and photosynthesis occurs.

The vapour pressure of water in the sealed bag can rise so high that the leaves can no longer transpire, consequently when using this method, the water should be drained off every two hours and stored. Tests indicate that if this is not done the leaves stop producing water.

If there are no large trees in the area, clumps of grass or small bushes can be placed inside the bag. If this is done the foliage will have to be replaced at regular intervals when water production is reduced, particularly if the foliage must be uprooted to place it in the bag.

Efficiency is greatest when the bag receives maximum sunshine at all times. Exposed roots are tested for water content. Soft, pulpy roots will yield the greatest amount of liquid for the least amount of effort.

Condensation trap efficiency[edit]

Condensation traps are not in themselves a sustainable source of water; they are sources for extending or supplementing existing water sources or supplies, and should not be relied on to provide a person's daily requirement for water, since a trap measuring 400 mm (16 in) in diameter by 300 mm (12 in) deep will only yield around 100 to 150 mL (3.4 to 5.1 US fl oz) per day.

One method to increase the water output is to urinate into the pit before placing the receptacle in. This increases the moisture content of the earth, reducing the amount of water vapour that the earth can subsequently absorb.

Materials[edit]

A simple basin-type solar still can be constructed with 2–4 stones, plastic film or transparent glass, a central weight to make a point and a container for the condensate. A cubic hole in moist ground is created of about 300 mm (12 in) on each side. Into the centre of this hole, a collection container is placed. Then a sheet of plastic film is stretched over the hole. Stills can also be made from water bottles or plastic bags.^[3]

Variations[edit]

Transpiration bag[edit]

An alternative method of the solar still is called the transpiration bag.^[4] The bag is a simple plastic bag and it folds over a stemmed plant with a corner pointing down to allow the condensate to pool. From there a person can remove the water by taking the bag off and pouring the water out or one can make a tiny incision into the corner to drip water into a cup. Its advantage over the basin type solar still mentioned before is that it only requires a bag like one can get at the grocery store. It doesn't need to be completely transparent. A disadvantage of the transpiration bag is the requirement for a plant in direct sunlight or heat to take the condensate.

In a study performed in 2009^{[citation needed]}, variations to the angle of plastic and increasing the internal temperature of the hole versus the outside temperature made for better water production. Other methods used included using a brine to absorb water from and adding dyes to the brine to change the amount of solar radiation absorbed into the system. During the adjusted tilt angle experiment, the different angles used by the different researchers created different results and it was difficult for any of them to get a definite answer. In the graph, a bell curve is observed with the maximum water output being at 30 degrees angle adjustment. Each brine depth created a different amount of water and it is noted on the graph that about 25 millimetres (1 in) is optimal with a decreasing trend if more is used.^[5]

Wick still[edit]

The “wick” type solar still is a glass-topped box constructed and held at angle to allow sunlight in.^[6] Salt water poured in from the top is heated by sunlight, evaporating the water. It condenses on the underside of the glass and drips to the bottom. A pool of brine in the still is attached to the wicks which separates the water into banks to increase surface area for heating. The distilled water comes out of the bottom and, depending on the quality of construction, most of the salt has been purged from the water. The more wicks, the more heat can be transferred to the salt water and more product can be made. A plastic net can also catch salt water before it falls into the container and give it more time to heat up and separate into brine and water. The wick type solar still is made vapour-tight, as in the vapour does not escape to the atmosphere. To aid in absorbing more heat, some wicks are blackened to take in more heat. Glass's absorption of heat is negligible compared to plastic at higher temperatures. A problem, depending on application, with glass is that it is not flexible if the solar still is not a standard shape.

Practical considerations[edit]

The pit still may be inefficient as a survival still, requiring too much construction effort for the water produced.^[7] In desert environments water needs can exceed 3.8 litres (1 US gal) per day for a person at rest, while still production may average 240 millilitres (8 US fl oz) per day.^[7][8] Even with tools, digging a hole requires energy and makes a person lose water through perspiration; this means that even several days of water collection may not be equal to the water lost in its construction.^[8]

Seawater still[edit]

In 1952, the United States military developed a portable solar still for pilots stranded on the ocean, which comprises an inflatable 610-millimetre (24 in) plastic ball that floats on the ocean, with a flexible tube coming out the side. A separate plastic bag hangs from attachment points on the outer bag. Seawater is poured into the inner bag from an opening in the ball's neck. Fresh water is taken out by the pilot using the side tube that leads to bottom of the inflatable ball. It was stated in magazine articles that on a good day 2.4 litres (2.5 US qt) of fresh water could be produced. On an overcast day, 1.4 litres (1.5 US qt) was produced.^[9] Similar sea water stills are included in some life raftsurvival kits, though manual reverse osmosis desalinators have mostly replaced them.^[10]

Distilling urine[edit]

Using a condensation trap to distil urine will remove the urea and salt, providing one with drinkable water as a result.^[11]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^Anjaneyulu, L.; Kumar, E. Arun; Sankannavar, Ravi; Rao, K. Kesava (13 June 2012). 'Defluoridation of drinking water and rainwater harvesting using a solar still'. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 51 (23): 8040–8048. doi:10.1021/ie201692q.
2. ^O'Meagher, Bert; Reid, Dennis; Harvey, Ross (2007). Aids to survival: a handbook on outback survival(PDF) (25th ed.). Maylands, W.A.: Western Australia Police Academy. p. 24. ISBN0-646-36303-4. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
3. ^[1]
4. ^Munilla, R. Solar StillPractical Survivor Retrieved April 22, 2013
5. ^Abdul Jabbar N. Khalifa; Ahmad M. Hamood (30 November 2009). 'Performance correlations for basin type solar stills'. Desalination. 249 (1): 24–28. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2009.06.011. ISSN0011-9164.
6. ^V. Manikandan; K. Shanmugasundaram; S. Shanmugan; B. Janarthanan; J. Chandrasekaran (April 2013). 'Wick type solar stills: a review'. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 20: 322–335. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.11.046. ISSN1364-0321.
7. ^ ^abAlloway, David (2000). Desert survival skills. University of Texas Press. pp. 63–65. ISBN978-0-292-79226-5. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
8. ^ ^abUnited States Air Force (1 April 2008). U.S. Air Force Survival Handbook. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 285. ISBN978-1-60239-245-8. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
9. ^'Sea Water Still'. Popular Mechanics, February 1952, p. 113.
10. ^'Manual Reverse Osmosis Desalinator - Notice of Intent to Award Sole Source, USAF'. fbo.gov. 2012. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
11. ^Grantham, Donald F. (March 2, 2001). A Source of Wilderness Novice Survival Skills. Xlbris Corp. p. 119. ISBN0738836826.

• Jackson RD; Van Bavel CH (Sep 17, 1965). 'Solar distillation of water from soil and plant materials: a simple desert survival technique'. Science. 149 (3690): 1377–9. Bibcode:1965Sci..149.1377J. doi:10.1126/science.149.3690.1377. PMID5826532.
• Badran AA; Al-Hallaq AA; Salman IAE; Odat MZ (February 2005). 'A solar still augmented with a flat-plate collector'(PDF). Desalination. 172 (3): 227–34. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.203.

Patents[edit]

• US 3337418, 'Pneumatic solar still'
• US 4235679, 'High performance solar still'
• US 4966655, 'Plastic covered solar still'

External links[edit]

Solar Systems For Boats

The Khufu ship is an intact full-size vessel from Ancient Egypt that was sealed into a pit in the Giza pyramid complex at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Giza around 2500 BCE. The ship is now preserved in the Giza Solar boat museum. The ship was almost certainly built for Khufu (King Cheops), the second pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom of Egypt. Like other buried Ancient Egyptian ships, it was apparently part of the extensive grave goods intended for use in the afterlife, and contained no bodies, unlike northern European ship burials.

• 1History

History[edit]

Khufu's ship is one of the oldest, largest, and best-preserved vessels from antiquity. It measures 43.6 m (143 ft) long and 5.9 m (19.5 ft) wide.

It was thus identified as the world's oldest intact ship and has been described as 'a masterpiece of woodcraft' that could sail today if put into water, lake and river.^[1] However, the vessel may not have been designed for sailing (no rigging) or paddling (no room).

Discovery[edit]

The ship was one of two^[2] rediscovered in 1954 by Kamal el-Mallakh – undisturbed since it was sealed into a pit carved out of the Giza bedrock. It was built largely of Lebanon cedar planking in the 'shell-first' construction technique, using unpegged tenons of Christ's thorn. The ship was built with a flat bottom composed of several planks, but no actual keel, with the planks and frames lashed together with Halfah grass, and has been reconstructed from 1,224 pieces which had been laid in a logical, disassembled order in the pit beside the pyramid.^[3]

Reconstruction[edit]

It took years for the boat to be reassembled, primarily by the Egyptian Department of Antiquities' chief restorer, Ahmed Youssef Moustafa.^{[citation needed]} Before reconstructing the boat, he had to gain enough experience on Ancient Egyptian boat-building. He studied the reliefs carved on walls and tombs, and many of the little wooden models of ships and boats found in tombs. Hag Ahmed visited the Nile boatyards of Old Cairo and Maadi and went to Alexandria, where wooden river boats were still being made. He hoped that modern Egyptian shipwrights might have retained ship building methods that would suggest how Ancient Egyptians built their ships. Then he investigated the work of shipwrights who built in a different tradition.^[4]

Function[edit]

The history and function of the ship are not precisely known. It is of the type known as a 'solar barge', a ritual vessel to carry the resurrected king with the sun god Ra across the heavens. However, it bears some signs of having been used in water, and it is possible that the ship was either a funerary 'barge' used to carry the king's embalmed body from Memphis to Giza, or even that Khufu himself used it as a 'pilgrimage ship' to visit holy places and that it was then buried for him to use in the afterlife.

The Khufu ship has been on display to the public in a specially built museum at the Giza pyramid complex since 1982. Its discovery was described as one of the greatest Ancient Egyptian discoveries in Zahi Hawass's documentary Egypt's Ten Greatest Discoveries.

The ship is housed in The Khufu Boat Museum, a small modern facility resting alongside the Great Pyramid. The first floor of the museum takes the visitor through visuals, photographs and writings on the process of excavating and restoring the boat. The ditch where the main boat was found is incorporated into the museum ground floor design. To see the restored boat, the visitor must climb a staircase leading to the second floor. Floor to ceiling windows allow for much sunlight and the wooden walkway takes the visitor around the boat where the visitor can get a close view of its impressive size- 143 feet long (44m) and 19.5 feet wide (6m).^[5]

Tribute[edit]

On 26 May 2019, a Google Doodle was made to commemorate the 65th anniversary of the Khufu ship discovery.^[6]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^'The Royal Ships of Egyptian Pharaohs'. Cwo.com. Retrieved 2019-01-17.
2. ^'Egypt Excavates Ancient King's 4,500-Year-Old Ship'. Fox News. Associated Press. 23 June 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-06-26. Retrieved 25 June 2011. Archaeologists have begun excavating a 4,500-year-old wooden boat found next to the Great Pyramid of Giza, one of Egypt's main tourist attractions, Egypt's top antiquities official said Thursday.
3. ^Clark, Liesl; Tyson, Peter. 'Explore Ancient Egypt'. Nova. PBS. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
4. ^Jenkins, Nancy (May 26, 1954). 'The Smell of Time'. Saudi Aramco World. Aramco Services Company. Archived from the original on 2012-05-07. Retrieved 2012-12-27.
5. ^Sarman, Danee (March 1, 2010). 'Did Pharaohs Get Seasick?: Khufu Boat Museum: Giza, Egypt'. MuseumChick.com. Archived from the original on April 14, 2010. Retrieved 2012-12-27.
6. ^'65th Anniversary of the Khufu Ship Discovery'. Google. 2019-05-26.

Further reading[edit]

• Nancy Jenkins (1980). The boat beneath the pyramid: King Cheops' royal shipISBN0-03-057061-1
• Paul Lipke (1984). The royal ship of Cheops: a retrospective account of the discovery, restoration and reconstruction. Based on interviews with Hag Ahmed Youssef Moustafa. Oxford: B.A.R., ISBN0-86054-293-9
• Björn Landström (1970). Ships of the Pharaohs: 4000 Years of Egyptian Shipbuilding. Doubleday & Company, Inc., LCCN73-133207

External links[edit]

• Web archive backup: Ships of the World: An Historical Encyclopedia – 'Cheops ship'

Coordinates: 29°58′41″N31°08′04″E / 29.97806°N 31.13444°E